# GHK-Cu References and Citations: The Sourced Research Record

> GHK-Cu references and citations — the full sourced study list behind every claim on this site, with DOIs and PubMed links. The copper tripeptide research record, indexed.

Every numbered claim on this site resolves here. Authors, journals, years, DOIs, and PubMed identifiers — the verifiable record behind the reading.

## The GHK-Cu source record

These are the GHK-Cu references and citations behind every quantitative claim on this site. The list is deliberately auditable: each entry carries authors, journal, year, and a DOI or PubMed identifier so a reader can verify the source rather than take the summary on trust. Where a claim could not be tied to a peer-reviewed source — for example, some of the tolerability caveats on the FAQ — the text says so explicitly rather than attaching a citation that does not exist. That distinction, between a sourced number and an unsourced one, is the entire premise of a 'legit' reading of the literature.

## References

[1] Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, Gillery P, Monboisse JC, Borel JP. Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+. FEBS Lett. 1988;238(2):343-346. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3169264/
[2] Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1987. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6073405/
[3] Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4508379/
[4] Lee WJ, Sim HB, Jang YH, Lee SJ, Kim DW, Yim SH. Efficacy of a Complex of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Glycyl-Histidyl-Lysine Peptide on Hair Growth. Ann Dermatol. 2016;28(4):438-443. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4969472/
[5] Hostynek JJ, Dreher F, Maibach HI. Human skin penetration of a copper tripeptide in vitro as a function of skin layer. Inflamm Res. 2011;60(1):79-86. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3016279/
[6] Pickart L. The human tri-peptide GHK and tissue remodeling. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2008;19(8):969-988. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18644225/
[7] Molavi AM, Sadeghi-Avalshahr A, Nokhasteh S, Naderi-Meshkin H. Enhanced biological properties of collagen/chitosan-coated poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffold by surface modification with GHK-Cu peptide and 58S bioglass. Prog Biomater. 2020;9(1-2):71-82. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7289912/
[8] Arul V, Kartha R, Jayakumar R. Biotinylated GHK peptide incorporated collagenous matrix: A novel biomaterial for dermal wound healing in rats. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2005;73(2):383-391. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15803494/
[9] Wang X, Liu B, Xu Q, Sun H, Shi M, Wang D, Guo M, Yu J, Zhao C, Feng B. GHK-Cu-liposomes accelerate scald wound healing in mice by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Wound Repair Regen. 2017;25(2):270-278. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28370978/
[10] Lee S, Lee SM, Lee SH, Choi WK, Park SJ, Kim DY, et al. In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing. Acta Biomater. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37832839/
[11] Endo T, Miyagi M, Ujiie A. Simultaneous determination of glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine and its metabolite, L-histidyl-L-lysine, in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997;692(1):37-42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9187381/
[12] Dymek M, Olechowska K, Hac-Wydro K, Sikora E. Liposomes as Carriers of GHK-Cu Tripeptide for Cosmetic Application. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(10):2485. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10610410/
[13] Tosto R, Vecchio G, Bellia F. New Biotinylated GHK and Related Copper(II) Complex: Antioxidant and Antiglycant Properties In Vitro against Neurodegenerative Disorders. Molecules. 2023;28(18):6724. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37764500/
[14] Mortazavi SM, Mohammadi Vadoud SA, Moghimi HR. Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective. BioImpacts. 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11830136/
[15] Chen H, Yang P, Xue P, Li S, Dan X, Li Y, Lei L, Fan X. Food-Derived Tripeptide-Copper Self-Healing Hydrogel for Infected Wound Healing. Biomater Res. 2025. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11788471/

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A field guide to the copper-tripeptide record, read with a buyer's skepticism — every number tied to its source, every gap left visible, and nothing here sold, prescribed, or dispensed.